Assessing the Effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence in the Implementation of Teaching Methods in Primary Education

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics Education, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature Education, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran.

10.22091/jrim.2025.13691.1363

Abstract

The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the implementation of teaching methods. The main research question is whether AI can effectively assist primary school teachers as an intelligent assistant in carrying out the stages of instructional methods. This study was designed and conducted using a mixed-methods approach in three phases. In the first phase, ten modern teaching methods were selected based on specific criteria such as active learning, student participation, group activities, and continuous feedback; their characteristics were extracted. In the second phase, the effectiveness of AI as a teacher assistant in implementing instructional methods was qualitatively examined and analyzed. Given that the research focuses on the facilitating role of AI in supporting teachers’ instructional tasks, a series of questions were posed to AI chatbots involving the provision of strategies and suggestions for each teaching stage. The AI's performance was then analyzed through the lens of this teacher-AI interaction. In the third phase, both qualitative and quantitative findings were analyzed and interpreted. Findings revealed that out of 55 instructional stages examined, AI demonstrated the ability to provide effective collaboration and useful suggestions in 32 stages (58%). An analysis of content generated by AI chatbots in the context of teaching sixth-grade mathematics and first-grade Persian demonstrated that this technology can provide meaningful and effective support to educators across various stages of instructional implementation.

Keywords


Abdollahi, H. (2012). An introduction teaching methods. Allameh Tabatabai University. (in Persian)
Aghazadeh, M. (2016). Guide to new teaching methods. Aiizh. (in Persian)
Alamolhodaei, S., & Alizadeh, M. (2023). Principles of mathematics education. Nama. (in Persian)
Albacete, P., Jordan, P., Katz, S., Chounta, I. A., & McLaren, B. M. (2019, June). The impact of student model updates on contingent scaffolding in a natural-language tutoring system. In International conference on artificial intelligence in education (pp. 37-47). Cham: Springer International Publishing.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23204-7_4
Bae, M.-H. (2023). The effect of a virtual reality-based physical education program on physical fitness among elementary school students. Iran Journal of Public Health, 52(2), 371–380.
Bateni, M. R. (2006). Four speeches about language. Agah. (in Persian)
Cahyono, D. (2025). The role of the teacher as a facilitator in the learning process: A review of educational psychology. International Journal of Teaching and Learning (INJOTEL), 3(1), 205–212.
Chamunyonga, C., Edwards, C., Caldwell, P., Rutledge, P., & Burbery, J. (2020). The impact of artificial intelligence and machine learning in radiation therapy: Considerations for future curriculum enhancement. Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, 51(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmir.2020.01.008
Chounta, I. A., Bardone, E., Raudsep, A., & Pearce, M. (2022), Exploring teachers’ perceptions of artificial intelligence as a tool to support their practice in Estonian K-12 education. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education; 32(3), 725–755. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-021-00243-5
Cope, B., Kalantzis, M., & Searsmith, D. (2020). Artificial intelligence for education: Knowledge and its assessment in AI-enabled. learning ecologies. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 53(12), 1229-1245. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2020.1728732
Costa, E. B., Fonseca, B., Santana, M. A., Araújo, F. F. D., & Rego, J. (2017), Evaluating the effectiveness of educational data mining techniques for early prediction of students’ academic failure in introductory programming courses. Computers in Human Behavior; 73(1), 247–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.047
Danaee Fard, H. (2008). Harmony of Quantitative and Qualitative Methods in Organizational Research Reflecting on Mixed Research Strategy. Methodology of Social Sciences and Humanities, 13(53), 35-63. (in Persian)
Delgado, H. O. K., Fay, A. D. A., Sebastiany, M. J., & Silva, A. D. C. (2020). Artificial intelligence adaptive learning tools. BELT - Brazilian English Language Teaching Journal, 11(2). EDIPUCRS. https://doi.org/10.15448/2178-3640.2020.2.38749
Fathi, F., Fathi Vagargah, K., Jafari, E., & Vahidi Asl, M. (2025). Rethinking curriculum in the age of artificial intelligence: A new approach in the multicontextualisation movement. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 20(75), 31–52. (in Persian) https://10.22034/JCS.2025.429395.2198
Fathi Hafshejani, F., & Saadat Talab, A. (2024). Artificial intelligence functioning in quality-giving to teaching in math teaching to students. Journal of Educational Research, 14(48), 16–41. (in Persian)
Felix, C. V. (2020). The role of the teacher and AI in education. In E. Sengupta, P. Blessinger, & M. Mahoney (Eds.), International perspectives on the role of technology in humanizing higher education. Emerald Publishing Limited.
Gholami, N., Asgari, M., & Jalali, S. (2017). Survey barriers to use of active teaching methods and techniques in the process of teaching–learning from the point of view of boys' elementary school teachers in Tehran. Educational Technologies in Learning, 4(13), 1–20. (In Persian)   https://doi.org/10.22054/jti.2020.51155.1312
Heeg, D. M., & Avraamidou, L. (2023). The use of Artificial intelligence in school science: a systematic literature review. Educational Media International, 60(2), 125-150.
Henry, J., Hernalesteen, A., & Collard, A. S. (2021). Teaching artificial intelligence to K-12 through a role-playing game questioning the intelligence concept. KI - Künstliche Intelligenz, 35(2), 171–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13218-021-00733-7
Holmes, W., Bialik, M., & Fadel, C. (2023). Artificial intelligence in education. In Data ethics: Building trust: How digital technologies can serve humanity, 621–653. Globethics Publications. https://doi.org/10.58863/20.500.12424/4273108
Jafarisola, M. B., Varzandeh, E., Sheikhvandi, M., & Torabifard, E. H. (2023). Examining the role of artificial intelligence in teaching and training primary school teachers. In proceedings of the Fifteenth National Conference on Management and Humanities Research in Iran. Tehran. (in Persian)   
Khabareh, K. (2024). Identifying the fields of applying artificial intelligence in education: Qualitative research. Quarterly Journal of Educational Leadership & Administration, 18(2), 89–111. (in Persian)
Kong, S. C., Yang, Y., & Hou, C. (2024). Examining teachers’ behavioural intention of using generative artificial intelligence tools for teaching and learning based on the extended technology acceptance model. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 7, 100328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100328
Kurt, U., & Sezek, F. (2021). Investigation of the effect of different teaching methods on students’ engagement and scientific process skills. International Journal of Progressive Education, 17(3), 86–101. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2021.346.6
Mollick, E. R., & Mollick, L. (2023). Using AI to implement effective teaching strategies in classrooms: Five strategies, including prompts. The Wharton School Research Paper. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4391243
Moltudal, S. H., Krumsvik, R. J., & Høydal, K. L. (2022). Adaptive learning technology in primary education: Implications for professional teacher knowledge and classroom management. Frontiers in Education, 7, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.830536
Mortazavizadeh, S. H. (2021). Principles and methods of teaching. Aiizh.(in Persian)
Mousavi Labroodi, S. A. (2023). The effect of artificial intelligence on primary schools. In proceedings of the Sixth National Conference on Innovative Technologies in Education, Psychology, and Counseling of Iran. Tehran. (in Persian) 
Ng, D. T. K., Leung, J. K. L., Chu, S. K. W., & Qiao, M. S. (2021). Conceptualizing AI literacy: An exploratory review. Computers & Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2, 100041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100041
Osetskyi, V., Vitrenko, A., Tatomyr, I., Bilan, S., & Hirnyk, Y. (2020). Artificial intelligence application in education: Financial implications and prospects. Financial and credit activity problems of theory and practice, 2(33), 574-584.
Rostaminezhad, M., &  Khajeh, H. (2025). A Phenomenological Analysis of Primary School Teachers' Perception of ChatGPT Integration in Education. Journal Educational Planning Studies, 13(26), 198-220. (in Persian)   https://doi.org/10.22080/eps.2025.28671.2322
Sadeghi, Z., & Shafipour Mutlagh, F. (2024). Educational career paths of future teachers based on artificial intelligence and model presentation. Journal of Research in Teaching, 12(2), 183-209. (in Persian)   10.22034/trj.2024.141979.2051
Sangarsu, R. (2023). Enhancing student engagement in learning with modern web and AI technologies. International Journal of Science and Research, 12(10), 1439–1442.
Shabani, H. (2012). Educational and nurturing skills: Teaching methods and techniques (Vol. 1). Samt. (in Persian) 
Shamir, G., & Levin, I. (2021). Neural network construction practices in elementary school. KI-Künstliche Intelligenz, 35(2), 181–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13218-021-00729-3
Su, J., & Yang, W. (2022). Artificial intelligence in early childhood education: A scoping review. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100049.
Tahiru, F. (2021), AI in education: A systematic literature review. Journal of Cases on Information Technology; 23(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.4018/jcit.2021010101
Tarus, J. K., Niu, Z., & Mustafa, G. (2018). Knowledge-based recommendation: A review of ontology-based recommender systems for e-learning. Artificial Intelligence Review; 50(1), 21-48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-017-9539-5
Timms, M. J. (2016), Letting artificial intelligence in education out of the box: Educational cobots and smart classrooms. Int. J. Artif. Intell. Edu.; 26(2), 701-712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-016-0095-y
Van Leeuwen, A., & Rummel, N. (2020, March). Comparing teachers' use of mirroring and advising dashboards. In Proceedings of the tenth international conference on learning analytics & knowledge (pp. 26-34). SoLAR. https://doi.org/10.1145/3375462.3375471
Walan, S. (2024). Primary school students’ perceptions of artificial intelligence – for good or bad. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-024-09898-2
Wu, W. C. V., Wang, R. J., & Chen, N. S. (2015). Instructional design using an in-house built teaching assistant robot to enhance elementary school English-as-a-foreign-language learning. Interactive Learning Environments. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2013.792844
Yaftian, N., & Niknam Oskooei, R. (2025). Artifcical Intelligence: a Facilitator in Enhancing Mathematics Instructio. Jornal of Mathematics and Society, 10(2), 85-113. (in Persian) 
Yang, Y., Chen, L., He, W., Sun, D., & Salas-Pilco, S. Z. (2024). Artificial intelligence for enhancing special education for K-12: A decade of trends, themes, and global insights (2013–2023). International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 1–49.
Yusuf, F. A. (2025). Trends, opportunities, and challenges of artificial intelligence in elementary education - A systematic literature review. Journal of Integrated Elementary Education, 5(1), 109–127. https://doi.org/10.21580/JIEED.V5I1.25594
Zafari, M., Bazargani, J., Sadeghi, A., & Choi, S. (2022). Artificial intelligence applications in K-12 education: A systematic literature review. IEEE Access,  10, 61905–61921. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3179356
Zawacki-Richter, O., Marín, V., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2019), Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education—Where are the educators? International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education; 16(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0
Zbuzant, M. (2024). New method of teaching in primary schools. International Journal of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Science, 13(3), 175–183.
Zhang, K., & Aslan, A. (2021), AI technologies for education: Recent research & future directions. Computer and Education: Artificial Intelligence; 2(1), 100025. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CAEAI.2021.100025